Its happened at the highest levels of chess.
http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/29/sports/30chesscnd.html?ex=1317182400&en=8c8b7429ce6443dd&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss&_r=0
http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=3911
In a normal tournament I don't see how they could get that much benefit out of it. There's only certain positions where it would help much and its only one move. No one's going to do it in the opening (5 minutes into the game is going to be pretty obvious). Endgames aren't going to help much (so you play Kd7 instead of Ke7- is that really going to help if you don't understand why? ). So all that leaves is middle-games but engines aren't that strong in positional middle-games so all that leaves is tactical middle-games. So, they could do it then but its only one move. I don't know how many times I've taken a computer's suggestion in analysis and got myself in trouble because I didn't understand all the tactics. One move isn't going to help much unless you work all the lines out. A strong player like Kramnik could figure it out with just a nudge but the average player isn't. I'm a stronger player than most that play at tournaments and I get lost in computer analysis all the time. Even if I could use an engine for one move I probably wouldn't do it because I think playing a good move I understand is better than playing a great move I don't understand.
The other thing is the time factor. A person will probably take at least 5 minutes to decide they're going to cheat, then they walk to the bathroom, go to a stall, get out their iphone, go to a website, put in the position, let the engine analyze, walk back etc. That's going to take at least 15 minutes of their time. They may get one strong move but you get a 15+ minute time advantage out of it which should be worth just as much.
I don't really see it as that much of a problem.
But, if there is someone that you really suspect of doing it repeatedly. The first thing I would do is pay attention to them and see if they do it in every game. You already know the types of positions they would do it in so if they consistently do it and only in those types of positions you have prima facie evidence supporting your claim. You could also have a friend follow them around. Also, you could set the position up on a computer after the game and see if an engine picks the same move. Pay attention to how long they're gone so you can estimate how long they let the engine analyze. If they do it enough you should be able to figure out what engine they're using.
If you feel like you've got a decent case against somebody let the tournament arbiter know and go from there. Maybe insist that he surrender his cell phone for the duration of a game. But, honestly I don't think I've ever had anything like that happen to me. If it ever became a serious problem tournaments could probably put in cell phone jammers.
Lastly you can always play faster time controls. I usually play 30-60 min and that wouldn't really leave enough time for someone to do that.